Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ibigo by’ubucuruzi bw’ibyuma ku isi binyuze mu kwishyira hamwe no kugura, ubwiyongere bw’inganda bukomeje kwiyongera. Iyo bigeze mu 2023, inyungu z’inganda z’ibyuma zagabanutse cyane, ahanini bitewe n’izamuka ry’ibiciro by’ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe n’igabanuka rikomeye ry’ibiciro by’ibyuma, bigatuma inyungu z’ibigo zigabanuka. Dukurikije buri kibazo, ubuzima bwabaye insanganyamatsiko y’uyu mwaka, kugabanya buri mushinga, kwibanda ku buryo budahagije ku kunoza no kuvugurura ibikorwa, iterambere ryita ku bidukikije rikoresha karubone nkeya n’inganda zikora ibintu mu buryo bw’ubwenge. Nk’impinduka mu “guhindura imyuka ihumanya ikirere” n’ingufu “gukoresha ingufu neza cyane”, no kwihutisha udushya mu ikoranabuhanga rikoresha karubone nkeya n’impinduka mu ikoranabuhanga mu nganda.
● Gushongesha ibyuma
1. Impinduka mu gushonga hakoreshejwe karuboni mu gushonga hakoreshejwe hydrogen
Icyerekezo cyo gushongesha icyuma n'icyuma mu byuma bya hydrogen, ariko isoko ya hydrogen y'icyatsi kibisi ubu ni nke, kubera iki kibazo, mu gihe gito cyo gushongesha icyuma gishyushya hakoreshejwe gazi ya coke aho gukoresha coke nk'ikintu kigabanya ubukana, nka XIYE Iron na Steel hydrogen-based shaft furnace, ndetse na modular high temperature cooled nuclear power nabyo birimo gukorwa. Umusaruro wa hydrogène uva muri gazi ya coke furnace mu byuma.
2. Gushongesha ibintu mu buryo bugufi
Kubera igitutu cyo kurengera ibidukikije, gushongesha ibintu mu buryo bwihuse bizongera igipimo. Ikoranabuhanga ryo kugabanya gushongesha ibintu mu buryo bw'icyuma nk'itanura ry'amashanyarazi.
3. Gutunganya hamwe mu buryo bugezweho
Mu gihe kirekire, imwe mu mikoreshereze y’ingenzi ya gaze y’icyuma ni ugushyushya. Nubwo izi gaze zikoresha ingufu z’ubushyuhe bwa gaze, agaciro kazo ntikaragaragara neza. Gaze ifite ibipimo bitandukanye by’ibice bya H2 na CO, kandi ikoreshwa rya gaze mu gukora LNG, ethanol, ethylene glycol, nibindi, bifite inyungu nziza mu bukungu. Ugereranyije n’inganda z’ibinyabutabire by’amakara mu gukora CO na H2 hanyuma hagakorwa LNG, ethanol, ethylene glycol, ifite inyungu nini ku giciro.
Kubera icyifuzo cyo kugabanya karuboni, imishinga nko gucukura no gukonjesha CO2 byazanye inkuru nziza. Mu bigo bikora ibyuma, nka gaze y'ifuru y'inka y'umucanga na gaze y'ifuru y'umucanga ifite CO2 nyinshi. CO2 ishobora gukoreshwa mu gushongesha ibyuma, gukuraho ivumbi, gutwara abantu mu buryo bukonje, inganda z'ibiribwa, n'ibindi, isoko rikenewe cyane, kandi inganda zikora ibyuma zifite inyungu ku giciro cyazo. Imishinga ikora amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic ishobora kuzana ibipimo bimwe na bimwe bya karuboni ku bigo, kandi inganda nyinshi z'ibyuma nazo zirimo kubaka imishinga ikora amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic, ariko niba itandukaniro ry'ibiciro by'amashanyarazi rishobora kuzana inyungu ku bigo nabyo ni ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi kigaragaza niba umushinga ushobora kugwa.
4. Ubuhanga mu by'ibyuma
Isoko ry’ibyuma rizarushaho kwihutisha umuvuduko w’ikoranabuhanga mu byuma n’ikoranabuhanga mu nganda z’ibyuma, kandi ryihutishe inzira yo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga n’ubuhanga. Ikigo cy’igenzura gihuriweho, ububiko bw’ibikoresho bidafite abapilote, gupima ubushyuhe bwa robo, kugenzura, no gupima ingero bizarushaho kwiyongera.
Nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa politiki zitandukanye z’igihugu zijyanye na karuboni ebyiri, ibigo bikiri mu nganda z’ibyuma bifite ubwiyongere bw’ubukene bw’amakuru yose yerekeye isuzuma ry’ubuzima bw’ibicuruzwa byaguzwe, kandi isuzuma ry’ubuzima bw’ibicuruzwa by’ibyuma n’isuzuma ry’imiterere ya karuboni rishingiye kuri byo byabaye akazi k’ingenzi kuriguteza imbere inganda z’ibyuma bikoresha ibidukikije n’ibikoresha karuboni nkeya no guhaza ibyifuzo by’abakiriya bashya. Gukora isuzuma ry’ubuzima bw’ibicuruzwa ni ingamba y’ingenzi yo guhuza iterambere ry’igihugu rikoresha karuboni nkeya n’iry’ubwiza, guteza imbere kuzigama ingufu no kugabanya karuboni mu bigo by’ibyuma n’ibyuma no kunoza uruhare rw’ikirango.
● Ikoranabuhanga ryo kuzigama ingufu z'icyuma no kurengera ibidukikije
1. Gukoresha ingufu nyinshi no kuzikoresha mu buryo bukabije
Ikoreshwa ry’ingufu mu nganda zikora ibyuma ryariyongereye buri mwaka, ku ruhande rumwe, ibikoresho bishya byaravuguruwe, kandi ikoreshwa ry’ingufu ryaragabanutse. Ku rundi ruhande, kugaruka burundu kw’ingufu z’inyongera, ubushyuhe bw’igice cyo kugarura uburyohe bwinshi n’ubuciriritse bukomeje kwiyongera, kandi ubushyuhe bwo mu rwego rwo hasi nabwo burimo kugaruka buhoro buhoro, kandi ubushyuhe bushobora gukoreshwa intambwe ku yindi. Ingufu zifite agaciro ka karori nyinshi zikoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi cyangwa gukora imiti, naho ingufu zifite agaciro ka karori nke zikoreshwa mu gushyushya abatuye imijyi ikikije, ubworozi bw’amafi n’ibindi. Guhuza umusaruro w’ibyuma n’imibereho y’abaturage ntibituma gusa ubukungu bw’ibigo bitanga umusaruro, ahubwo binasimbura amashyuza mato kandi bikagabanya ikoreshwa rya karubone.
1. 1 Sisitemu y'umuriro w'amashanyarazi
Sisitemu yose yo gukonjesha umwuka, aho kuba igice cy’umwimerere cy’umuyoboro wo gukonjesha amazi, irushaho kunoza cyane uburyo toni z’ibyuma zigaruza umwuka. Dukurikije uko umushinga ubivuga, toni nyinshi z’icyuma zigaruza umwuka zishobora kugera kuri 300kg/t by’icyuma, bikubye inshuro zirenga eshatu ugereranyije n’uko icyuma cyagaruzaga.
1.2 Guhindura
Uburyo bw'ibanze bwo gusukura imyuka ikoreshwa mu gusohora imyanda muri rusange bukoresha uburyo bw'umuvuduko. Mu gihe cy'umuvuduko usanzwe, ubushyuhe busigaye buva ku kinyuranyo cy'ubushyuhe cya 1000℃-300℃ ntiburagaruka. Kuri ubu, ibikoresho byinshi by'icyitegererezo ni byo biri gukora mu gihe gito.
1.3 Ifuru y'umuriro
Kugarura burundu umwuka uva mu itanura bishobora kugerwaho binyuze mu kugarura umwuka uhuza umuvuduko n'umwuka uva mu kirere. Muri iki gihe, amatanura menshi akoresha umuriro ntabwo atekereza kugarura umwuka, cyangwa ngo agaruke gusa.
1.4 Gutunganya
Kugarura ubushyuhe bw'imyanda buva mu gice cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi cy'icyuma gikonjesha kugira ngo gikore amashanyarazi; Amazi ashyushye ashobora gukorwa kugira ngo ashyushye nyuma yo kugarura ubushyuhe bw'imyanda mu gice cy'ubushyuhe bwo hagati n'igice cy'ubushyuhe buke cy'icyuma gikonjesha; Ingufu zikora zituma amazi azenguruka imbere mu kirere, ni ngombwa kongera umufana utanga umuvuduko mwinshi, umufana utanga umwuka mwiza n'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bimufasha.
Ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'imyanda ikoreshwa mu gukonjesha, ubushyuhe bw'imyanda ikonjeshwa hamwe no gutanga amashanyarazi, ariko kandi ikoreshwa mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ry'umwuka n'amashanyarazi kugira ngo itware umufana mukuru ukoresha umwuka, irusheho gukoresha neza umwuka, igabanya uburyo bwo guhindura, ikongera inyungu mu bukungu.
1.5 Guteka
Uretse coke isanzwe ikoresha amazi yumye, hakoreshejwe ammonia ikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza coke, icyuma gikonjesha cy’ibanze, ubushyuhe bw’imyanda, ubushyuhe bw’imyanda buterwa n’imiyoboro y’amazi, n’ubushyuhe bw’imyanda buterwa n’umwuka.
1.6 Icuma cyo kuzunguruka
Gukoresha ubushyuhe bw'imyanda buva mu ifuru ishyushya mu cyuma n'ifuru ishyushya. Ubushyuhe ni isoko y'ubushyuhe buke, kandi ubushyuhe bwo kuvanga ubushyuhe muri rusange bukoreshwa mu gukora amazi ashyushye.
2. Igitekerezo cyo kurengera ibidukikije no kugabanya cyane imyuka ihumanya ikirere gishingiye ku bushobozi bw'abantu
2. 1 Imikorere y'ibidukikije ya buri ruganda rw'icyuma ni A
Kugira ngo bagabanye igitutu cyo kurengera ibidukikije no kwemeza ko umusaruro usanzwe ukorwa, inganda nyinshi zo mu majyaruguru zikora ibyuma zarangije gukubita A, nubwo inganda zo mu majyaruguru zitararangiza gukubita A, hari umubare munini w’inganda zo mu majyepfo zikora ibyuma nazo zikora muri urwo rwego. Inshingano z’ingenzi ni inyubako zo gukuraho ivumbi, inyubako zo gukuraho ivumbi no gutwika lisansi, ibikoresho byinjira mu bubiko, kugabanya aho bigwa, aho ivumbi rikorerwa hafunzwe, gukumira ivumbi n'ibindi.
2.2 Inganda za aluminiyumu ya karuboni na electrolitike
Imyenda yo kurengera ibidukikije mu nganda za aluminiyumu, electrolytic, aluminiyumu yo mu misozi n'izindi nganda ziri mu mikorere y'ibidukikije ya A.
2.3 Gutunganya imyanda itatu
Ibisabwa ku kurengera ibidukikije: imyanda ikomeye ntiva mu ruganda, amazi mabi kugira ngo yuzuze amahame agenga imyanda. Ku ruhande rumwe, ibigo by'ibyuma n'ibyuma byumishije kandi bikanyunyuza ibikoresho, kandi imyanda ya nyuma isohoka kandi igatabwa irakurikiza amategeko. Isoko rikeneye inzira n'ikoranabuhanga rishya mu gutunganya imyanda, imyanda ikomeye irimo karubone, icyuma, imyanda ihumanya ikirere, imyanda yanduye mu butaka n'amazi mabi ya phenol cyanide, amazi y'umunyu mwinshi n'amazi akonje asohoka.
2.4 Gusukura gazi
Hamwe no kunoza ibisabwa byo kurengera ibidukikije, gazi ishobora kongera gukoreshwa ishobora gukusanywa icyarimwe, kandi hari n'ibindi bisabwa ku bwiza bwa gazi. Uburyo gakondo bwo gusukura gazi yo mu ifuru ya coke na gazi yo mu ifuru ishyushye busuzuma gukuraho umukungugu na sulfure idakomoka ku bidukikije, none ubu bisaba gukuraho sulfure ikomoka ku bidukikije. Isoko rikeneye uburyo bushya n'ibikoresho bishya kuri iki cyifuzo.
2.5 Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutwika umwuka mwinshi wa ogisijeni, gutwika umwuka mwiza wa ogisijeni
Mu rwego rwo kunoza ikoreshwa rya ogisijeni no kugabanya ikoreshwa rya gaze, umuriro wa ogisijeni nyinshi cyangwa ogisijeni yuzuye ukoreshwa mu itanura rishyushya, mu itanura no mu muriro.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-13-2023